Learning Theories and Styles Essays

Learning Theories and Styles Essays Learning Theories and Styles Essay Learning Theories and Styles Essay Before we choose the appropriate model for a training program, we can take a look in the learning styles and theories, which will help the trainees to be more efficient and capable and the transfer of learning to be more effectve. We will emphasize on three learning theories, adragogy, social learning theory and also experiental learning. A composite of the cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment. Included in this definition are perceptual modalities, information processing styles, and personality patterns. (www. nwlink. com) Andragogy theory (M. Knowles) is an attempt to develop a theory only for adults learning. This means that adults are self-directed. The most important aspect of this theory is that is expected to take responsibility for all their decisions. In addition, Adragogy in practical terms means that instruction for adults needs to focus more on the process and less on the content that is being taught. The most useful strategies are case studies, role-playing, simulations, and self-evaluation. Instructors usually adopt a role of facilitator or resource rather than lecturer or grader. Andragogy applies to any form of adult learning and has been used extensively in the design of organizational training programs. The assumptions of this theory are that adults need to know the purpose of learning something and also they learn when the topic is of immediate value. It is very important for adults to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. Another major issue is the experience (including mistakes), which provides the basis for learning activities. In addition adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life and lastly adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented. One of the most important theories is the Social Learning Theory of A. Bandura. This theory is based on the importance of observing the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) states: Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Through this theory Bandura tried to explain the human behavior. The social learning theory has been applied extensively to the understanding of aggression (Bandura, 1973) and psychological disorders, particularly in the context of behavior modification (Bandura, 1969). It is also the theoretical foundation for the technique of behavior modeling which is widely used in training programs. In recent years, Bandura has focused his work on the concept of self-efficacy in a variety of contexts (e. g. , Bandura, 1997). The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), we may model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. The three principles of Social Learning Theory are: (1) The highest level of observational learning is achieved by first organizing and rehearsing the modeled behavior symbolically and then enacting it overtly. Coding modeled behavior into words, labels or images results in better retention than simply observing. (2)Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if it results in outcomes they value. (3) Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if the model is similar to the observer and has admired status and the behavior has functional value. Experiential Learning (C. Rogers) is the last theory that we are going to examine is the Experiential learning theory (C. Rogers). According to C. Rogers there are two types of learning: cognitive (meaningless) and experiential (significant). The first one corresponds to academic knowledge such as learning vocabulary and the second one refers to applied knowledge such as learning about engines in order to repair a car. The key for distinction between of them is that experiential learning is focused on the needs and wants of the learner. Rogers lists these qualities of experiential learning: personal involvement, self-initiated, evaluated by learner, and pervasive effects on learner. According to Rogers in experiential learning theory a trainer has to set a positive climate for learning, clarifying the purposes of the learner(s), organizing and making available learning resources, balancing intellectual and emotional components of learning, and sharing feelings and thoughts with learners but not dominating. In addition, learning is facilitated when: the trainee participates completely in the learning process and has control over its nature and direction, it is primarily based upon direct confrontation with practical, social, personal or research problems, and self-evaluation is the principal method of assessing progress or success. Rogers also emphasizes the importance of learning to learn and an openness to change. An interested example is when someone wants to become rich might seek out books or classes on economics, investment, great financiers, banking, etc. Such an individual would perceive (and learn) any information provided on this subject in a much different fashion than a person who is assigned a reading or class. Learning Styles In order to identify the best learning style a trainer has to consider three main factors, which make up ones learning style. Firstly, the three senses auditory, visual and kinaesthetic, secondly the two reasoning types deductive and inductive and finally the two environments intrapersonal and interpersonal.

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question Scott, you are right, we had discussed the clear liquid shortening and I thought I had stayed away from it until I saw the cubies. Yesterday, I went back to my supplier and commented about the mixing of Clear Liquid Oil and Clear Liquid Shortening. Undoubtedly, the grill cook was not aware the oil had been mixed until I saw it on the cubies and so Ive been told they have a new supplier and it will be only Clear Liquid Oil. I have asked them to keep the empty cubies for me, so I can use them for storage, etc. I will wait and see what happens. The kero I had mentioned mixing with my biodiesel is considered highway kero with taxes paid on it at the pump. In N.C. all of our kero is dyed, as well as off road diesel. Our DOT will spot check big rigs, but so far I havent heard of them checking small diesels. However, I never use dyed fuel in my pickup. Next door in S.C. all of the fuel is cheaper due to our state taxes being lower so the kero is actually cheaper than their diesel. Our kero is higher than our diesel and the diesel is 20 to 40 cents higher per gallon than our unleaded. Several years ago, I had an Olds with a GM diesel (converted gasoline to diesel) and the book allowed me to use 10 percent gasoline during the winter to keep the diesel from gelling. Do you think that would be wise to use gasoline in biodiesel during the winter? My friend that I was splitting the oil with has backed out of using SVO I think mainly due to the mods he would have to do to his truck. Anyway, he left me with some literature he had pulled off the internet about using SVO and unleaded gasoline. Im thinking that would be a great way to blow an engine or at least coke it pretty heavily in a short time. Looks like there is a little of everything on the net. Have a great day. Tom Hey Tom,As long as you can get highway kero, and its cheaper, go ahead and run it with a mixture of at least B20 to keep the lubricity up. Kerosene is often used as a thinning (viscosity reducing) agent to help prevent diesel (middle distillate grade #2) and biodiesel fuel gelling in cold weather, but it does reduce the fuels lubricity as well. Since biodiesel has a very high level of lubricity, the reduction from mixing with kerosene is minimal. With regular petro diesel, care must be taken to avoid over-thinning. To avoid this problem, most fuel distribution centers carry winter diesel (light distillate grade #1) for delivery to fueling stations in cold climates. Diesel engines, however, are remarkably tolerant of fuel formulations and can run on just about any low volatility oil based fuel, but of course that doesnt mean they should or that it is even legal (tax wise) or beneficial to do so. While the engines themselves (pistons and valves) are more or less indifferent to fuel types, the emissions and injection controls on modern clean diesel engines would likely be damaged by using any fuel other than ULSD or B5. For illustration purposes only, following is a (mostly complete) list of fuels that can be burned in a diesel engine: Diesel #1 Diesel #2 Diesel #4 ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel) Biodiesel (from B5 to B100) Kerosene Home heating oil Civil jet fuel (Jet A-1, Jet A, Jet B) Military jet fuel(JP-4,JP-5,JP-8) SVO (Straight Vegetable And this is interesting- your fuel prices in the Carolinas are different than ours further north. In central PA as of 05-20-08: No, the E85 price is not a typo. Ethanol based fuel has been about a buck a gallon cheaper for the last several years. Ive been experimenting with varying percentages of E85 in my gasoline powered 5.7-liter 1994 Chevy Silverado. A story about my results as well as doing a full conversion to E85 is in the plans. Which brings me to your question about running a gasoline and SVO (straight vegetable oil) mixture in a diesel. I would steer clear for the very reasons you mentioned as well as others from horror stories Ive heard. Diesels are compression ignition engines designed for dense, low volatility oil based fuels (diesel, biodiesel and kerosene). Gasoline style engines are spark ignited and require light and highly volatile fuels (gasoline, alcohol and E85). It doesnt take a stretch of the imagination to understand that an improperly-mixed amount of gasoline and vegetable oil (too much gasoline) could easily prematurely ignite (detonate) and destroy a diesel engines pistons and/or va lvetrain. Reciprocally, Ive heard stories of mixtures with too much veggie oil gumming up and clogging filters, pumps and injectors. In my opinion, there are only two safe methods to run vegetable oil in a diesel engine: Use properly manufactured biodiesel, or install a conversion kit that heats (thus reducing viscosity) the SVO before introduction to the fuel pump and injectors. As always, Tom, thanks for the great comments and questions. Best,Scott

Bibliography and Annotations Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

And Annotations - Annotated Bibliography Example She studied the social organization of the Santee before 1892 and compared it to the community she came across in 1935. According to Landes, the Mdewakantonwan was grouped into seven to ten villages with about 50 to 400 people per village (220). They had strong corporate features economically and politically independent and owned plenty of land. This book helps people understand the socio-cultural organization of the Santee; thus giving a better understanding of their cultural perspective. This book written by Charles Eastman and Ernest Blumenschein in 1971, traces the life of Eastman growing up as a native Santee Sioux. He mainly talks of his life in Canada, where he had gone to exile after separating with his father and siblings during the Dakota war, in 1862. Eastman claims that during his childhood in Santee, children were trained through several ways such as narration of stories and myths by adults, games and sports, and spiritual and moral training among others (54). The learning that Eastman expresses from his childhood is not much different from the learning that takes place in the society today. This is a nonfictional book written by Roy Meyer in 1968. According to Meyer, the Santee is an American Indian group, which consists of four divisions of the eastern Dakota (199). They include the Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. The Santee spoke the languages of the Siouan of eastern Dakota that is strongly related to the Lakota language spoken by the Teton, and Nakota, which is spoken by Yanktonai and Yankton. The Yanktonai, Yankton, and the Teton are the other three divisions of the Dakota. Meyer argues that the traditions of the Santee shows that they originated from the northeast, probably near the â€Å"Lake of the Woods†, but the expanding Ojibwa community forced them out of their homeland to the South and West (200). They rose against the Whites in 1892 under the little cow, but lost the war, as well as their remaining Land in

Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 Research Paper

Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 - Research Paper Example In the 1970s , the drinking age was reduced to 18 , as this was followed by many of the states so that the individuals be given the right under the Twenty Sixth Amendment passage. There are some states which give the permission to the 18 year olds to be present in the places where alcohol beverages are consumed , even if they are not consuming the beverages themselves and sometimes even give them the permission to work as bar tenders , serving the beverages. Whereas there are some states which give the permission to the 21 year olds to consume the alcohol beverages on the private property with the permission or the supervision of a family member. (Williams, Elizabeth M, and Stephanie J. Carter. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2011.) Despite the specific changes made by the federal law there are about thirty states within the United States which give the permission to the individuals of the 21 years age or over to consu me the alcohol under the supervision of a family member or with the consent of their parents. ... lif: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2011.) There have been many arguments and the debates that the minimum age of drinking should be reduced so that so that the individuals have the responsibility and staring at an early age will broaden their horizon to the responsible drinking. Amethyst Initiative , which are one of the groups of college educators, have agreed and given the advocacy of the underage drinking. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism College Drinking Task Force, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving , on the other hand have urged and they advocate rigorously against the reduction of the underage drinking so that the fatal consequences such as the alcohol related traffic incidents , alcohol related traffic deaths and alcohol related sexual assaults can be reduced and it can only be done with the help of the minimum drinking age laws enforcements on the campuses and the schools. For the policy makers in the United States, the underage drinking has been a well debated issue in the country and there have been various laws introduced and changed over the past many years as well. Due to the increase in the drunk driving fatalities , the United States government increased the drinking age from 18 years to 21 years so that the fatality rate could be decreased. There have been arguments put forth which question that what reasons have resulted in the underage drinking to be reduced to 18. There are some critics who criticize the current drinking age which differentiates and arbitrarily discriminates between the individuals who are 21 years old and the individuals who are 18 years old. In the country like United States, the individual who is 18 years old is regarded as the legally adult, and hence has the freedom to join military , have the capability and ability to

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this study is to evaluate existing Bangladeshi efforts to counter radicalization through the internet, identify its weaknesses, and explore opportunities. This research will analyze the significant aspects of successful counter radicalization models of different countries, and suggest ways to incorporate those in Bangladesh to develop a coherent anti-radicalization strategy. Initially, this literature review will discuss the concept of radicalization through the cyberspace. It will allow the readers to follow the subsequent analysis and the suggestions to develop a mechanism in Bangladesh to counter this menace. The literature review is divided into three sections: understanding online radicalization, online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective, and significant aspects of successful international anti-radicalization programs. Understanding online radicalization will examine the potential power of the internet to influence people and the process of radicalization. The section on online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective will at first, briefly assess the relevant threats in Bangladesh and will then, identify and evaluate the existing programs of countering online radicalization. The final section will study the strategies adopted by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), The U.S. National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the current programs undertaken by Malaysia and Indonesia. These two countries of Southeast Asia have been selected due to religious and cultural similarities, and geographic proximity. Their programs appear to be effective against online radicalization. Understanding Online Radicalization The internet appears to create more opportunities to become radicalized. Many scholarly articles ascribe a role to the internet in promoting radicalization[1]. Those studies suggest that the internet acts as an accelerant, and has broken the traditional barriers to radicalize individuals[2]. In this regard, Gabriel Weimanns Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges counts the number of websites of terrorist groups and reviews their contents[3]. In his article, Weimann points to the proliferation of extremists web sites. He founds, by the end of 1999, almost all terrorist groups established their online presence. Different empirical studies suggest, there is a correlation between extremists web sites and online propaganda, and rapid radicalization. The internet enables the terrorists to reach otherwise unreachable individuals. The reach of the internet has blurred the geographic barriers, and connected the distant individuals in the virtual world. Peter Neumann in his research points that the internet allows the terrorists to reach those individuals who would not have been accessible in any other way[4]. For example, Anwar al-Awlaki[5] successfully created online contents such as Inspire that advocates jihad from home. Ines von Behr asserts, these kind of online materials have broaden the scope to reach any people, and their appealing contents create more chance to implant radical ideas among the individuals[6]. The internet creates opportunities to radicalize a wider range of people from all societies. Rachel and Strugnell identify, beside removing the geographic barrier, the internet has erased the social and gender barriers as well to spread extremist ideologies. They highlight on the internet created scope to reach and radicalize the women[7]. In many societies, it may be difficult for women to meet personally with male extremists or work with them; it may also be difficult for the women to express certain thoughts in public. However, the internet allows them greater anonymity[8]. Some authors opine, the internet benefits the introvert individuals who are seeking the radical ideas by creating a scope to access any content privately[9]. Jerome Bjelopera says,ÂÂ   the characteristics of the internet allows a relative advantage to the terrorists in the present days than their previous generations by fading the lines between countries, societies, and genders[10]. The internet provides s upposed anonymity and a degree of protection and security from detection[11]. The internet accelerates the process of radicalization. Bjelopera terms the internet as an echo chamber[12]. It means, people who are searching any radical ideas to support their sketchy thoughts are likely to get some reinforcing contents on the internet due to its massive storage. The internet is a kind of one-stop shop for all the information that an individual may seek to underline his radical ideas that expedites his radicalization process. The virtual world reduces the timeframe of radicalization process as opposed to the actual world. Anthony Bergin in his study refers the internet as a conveyor belt that accelerates the radicalization process by providing instantaneous and continuous connection to any violent idea[13]. Raffaello Pantucci further highlights the internets role in incubating and accelerating radicalization[14]. Robert Schmidle points that, the chat rooms in particular are effective for the extremists since they can exchange ideas with like-minded individuals 24/ 7 regardless of borders[15]. Therefore, the internet expedites the radicalization process of any individual by offering varieties of contents and continuous interaction. The internet allows radicalization to occur without physical contact. Yeap and Park explain, the internet enables any individual to access radical contents from their personal space instead of attending a radical religious gathering[16]. Therefore, an individual need only the internet connection, physical travelling to other location is no more essential. Though the internet reduces hurdles to interaction, few scholars may argue that human interaction is necessary for radicalization. However, Behr says, in a digital era the online activities may be considered as an extension of the real lives, and physical connection is no more essential[17]. Beside the actual world, personal relationship may grow in the virtual world as well. Thus, Mitchell Silber and Arvin Bhatt asserts, radicalization on the internet is not necessarily any different to what would happen with other more private and less visible sources[18]. Besides, the internet increases opportunities for self-radicalization. It i s a process where an individual gradually become radicalized by himself [19]. Hence, the internet creates opportunities of radicalization without human interaction. An individual move through several phases as he becomes radicalized through the cyberspace. In a New York Police Department radicalization case study, Silber and Bhatt identify four phases of radicalization: pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and jihadization[20]. The case study recognizes the impact of the internet on the radicalization process as an individual looking for an identity and a cause[21]. The internet facilitates in each of the stages to instruct, socialize, indoctrinate and recruit[22]. The FBI has also created a radicalization model similar to that of the NYPD. The FBI model has four stages: pre-radicalization, identification, indoctrination and action[23]. These categories are almost similar to NYPD. The diagram below illustrates the Moghaddams staircase to radicalization where the online contents play a complementary role: Moghaddam Staircase to Radicalization Source: Moghaddam, Fathali M. The Staircase to Terrorism, A Psychological Exploration, Vol. 60, No. 2, American Psychologist, 2005. Online Radicalization in Bangladeshi Perspective Terrorists Approach and their Target Audience In Bangladesh, few religion based terrorist organizations have gained capabilities to develop and spread their radical messages online. They have attracted public and media attention through their activities and propagation. Besides, few leftist political groups are also trying to develop their online capabilities. At present 13 terrorist organizations are operating actively and 29 others are operating covertly using fake credentials[24]. The Special Branch of Bangladesh Police has provided the names of eight terrorist organizations to Home Ministry who are very active on the internet: Ansarullah Bangla Team, Allahr Dal, Islamic Solidarity Front, Tamiruddin Bangladesh, Tawhidee Trust, Hizbut-Tawhid, Shahdat-e-Nabuwat and Jamat-as-Sadat. Five of these terrorist organizations have already been banned by the government, and eight more are yet to be banned[25]. These groups may have significant investment, both human and financial, to build their online capacities. The terrorist groups of Bangladesh appear to be active on the internet, particularly in Facebook and YouTube, to spread radical preaching. This is safer, and lower possibility of being tracked by the law enforcing agencies. Farooq opines, the online propaganda of the terrorists in Bangladesh have become more organized, and appealing to their targets[26]. Arman claims that the terrorists try to exploit the ethno-religious sentiment of the people while developing their messages, and appeal to their believes to embed their radical ideas[27]. Over the last few years, hate speeches and violent ideologies that spread through the internet triggered a number of terrorist attacks and communal violence in Bangladesh. This was evident in Ramu and Pabna incidents where mass attacks were carried out on religious minority people. In both cases, unidentified persons using pseudonyms posted doctored photos and messages on the Facebook defaming Islam that agitated people[28]. Social media have become the easiest means to spread radical ideas in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi youths are particularly vulnerable to online radicalization due to lack of cyber awareness. Farooq in his study opines, the terrorists seem to target the educated youths by spreading appealing messages on the Internet[29]. It is easier to radicalize the youths than the elders since they are more connected to the online world. Farooq also opines, many Bangladeshi youths at first just curiously run across radical contents, and gradually fall into the traps unconsciously. The concept of cyber awareness and related programs seem insufficient in Bangladesh. As a result, neither the youths nor their parents or guardians are aware about the online traps. Immediately after the terrorist attack at the Holey Artisan Bakery restaurant, RAB released a list of 261 missing youths across the country[30]. These missing youths are suspected to have joined various terrorist groups. The terrorists in Bangladesh attempt to build their radical narratives based on religious and socio-political contentious issues. Nirmal Ghosh opines, though Bangladesh is politically a secular country, the terrorist appeal to the Muslim majority population to make it an Islamic state under Sariah law[31]. They seem to exploit the religious sentiment of the people. These groups intentionally create fake photos with radical messages such as prosecution of Muslim Rohingyas and spread those on social media to instill communal violence in the country[32]. Furthermore, the extremists adeptly construct radical narratives on socio-economic disparity and political issues to create sympathizers. Bangladeshi Counter Radicalization Programs The Bangladesh government has implemented several plans and strategies to counter radicalization in the country. However, Abul Kalam argues that, the government has mostly implemented coercive approaches to minimize the terrorist threats[33]. Aynul Islam in his article, categorizes the government initiatives into two types: operational drives by the law and security forces, and legal initiatives[34]. The law enforcement agencies have achieved some success in disrupting few of the extremist groups. Many extremist leaders and activists have been arrested, put under trial. However, the terrorists online activities apparently remain undisrupted due to lack of government action. The National Monitoring Cell (NMC) monitors the suspicious online activities, but it has limited capacity and expert workforce. The government effort to shut down or censor few websites seem not very effective, because extremists innovate new ways to reach people. Moreover, it is difficult to identify and stop sec ret groups in social networking sites that contains radical ideas. Bangladesh government has enacted a few legislations to ensure the cyber security. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Act 2001, The ICT Act 2006, Digital Security Act 2016 (Draft) are at present the main legislations of Bangladesh to enforce cyber security. On 11 June 2008, the Anti-Terrorism Ordinance 2008 was approved by the government, and was amended in 2013[35]. The new counter terrorism legislation has kept maximum punishment a death sentence for terrorist activities. However, in most cases the laws have not been enforced against persons who carry out propaganda in the cyberspace. Bangladesh has number of agencies with counterterrorism cells. Islam opines, capabilities and activities of these agencies are not orchestrated[36]. Their roles are not specified, and efforts are fragmented. The Bangladesh Police, the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), armed forces and intelligence agencies are mainly responsible for fighting terrorism. All of these forces have counter terrorism cells, but they work separately. He further argues that, the police are not well equipped and trained to deal with the new trends of online terrorism. The intelligence agencies are essential apparatus in support of operational activities. The National Security Intelligence (NSI), the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), Special Branch (SB) of Police and the RAB intelligence wing have been working in Bangladesh to identify the potential threat sources. There is no set mechanism through which the forces can share intelligence and coordinate their collection eff orts. In May 2004, NSI constituted a separate body called counter terrorism cell to identify specific risk population and areas, and threat groups. The counter terrorism bureau of DGFI, has been working to evaluate, analyze, and frame counter terrorism policy at strategic and operational level[37]. Nonetheless, there is no overarching organization to synchronize these wide varieties of organizations in the country[38]. Islam in his article, Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh, identifies few key deficiencies of Bangladeshi programs to prevent radicalization[39]. First, Bangladesh has no set mechanism to monitor the internet for preventing radical ideas. He opines that there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the threats that can spread through online. Neither the country has sufficient technological and organizational expertise, nor it has workable international cooperation for capacity building. Second, the law enforcement agencies do not have close link with the other service sectors or private sectors to identify suspicious activities. Third, the Bangladesh government is not sufficiently addressing strategic issues like de-radicalization and counter ideology. Fourth, there is a very limited initiative to educate professional groups like academics, media community, service sector officials, and political leaders to create general awareness. There is almost no community based programs in the country for developing cyber awareness. Fifth, the government overemphasizes coercive approaches in dealing with terrorism issues. There is no dedicated research institution in the government to provide forum for understanding and research on critical issues of terrorism like online radicalization. Although the counter terrorism bureau of DGFI is responsible for policy related activities, it is barely possible to formulate a viable strategy by a body of armed forces alone. Finally, he mentions that, in Bangladesh, strategies and policies are highly bureaucratic, ambiguous, and unaccountable[40]. References [1] Precht, Tomas. Homegrown Terrorism and Islamist Radicalisation in Europe: From Conversion to Terrorism. An Assessment of the Factors Influencing Violent Islamist Extremism and Suggestions for Counter Radicalisation Measures, Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Defence, 2008. [2] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [3] Weimann, Gabriel. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006. [4] Neumann, Peter R. Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 2013. [5] Anwar al-Awlaki was a spokesperson and recruiter for Al Qaida. [6] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in The Digital Era. RAND Corporation, 2103. 17. [7] Briggs, Rachel and Alex Strugnell. Radicalisation: The Role of the Internet. Policy Planners Network Working Paper, London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2011. [8] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [9] Torok, Robyn. Make a Bomb in Your Mums Kitchen: Cyber Recruiting and Socialisation of White Moors and Home Grown Jihadists. Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2010. [10] Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC: Congress Research Service, 2011, 101-102. [11] Weimann. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. [12] Bjelopera. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. 101-102. [13] Bergin, Anthony. Countering Online Radicalisation in Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute Forum, 2009. [14] Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone IslamistÂÂ   Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011. [15] Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65. [16] Yeap, Su Yin and Jenna Park, Countering Internet Radicalisation: A Holistic Approach. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2010. 2. [17] Ines von Behr, AnaÃÆ'Â ¯s Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in the Digital Era. RAND Corporation 2013. P.20. [18] Silber, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: New York City Police Department, 2007. [19] Change Institute. Studies into Violent Radicalisation: Lot 2 The Beliefs Ideologies and Narratives. 2008. [20] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 6-7. [21] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8. [22] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 8-9. [23] Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. 30. [24] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [25] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8. [26] Sobhan, Farooq. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 13. [27] Tanbir Uddin Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [28] Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015. [29] Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 10. [30] Bdnews24.com. Web: http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/07/20/rab-releases-list-of-261-persons-missing-from-across-bangladesh. http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/battle-for-bangladeshs-soul-as-islamic-radicals-push-for-power [32] Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary and Wasim Bin Habib, Fake photos trolling, http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/fake-photos-trolling-1320613 [33] Kalam, Abul. The Challenges of Terrorism: Bangladesh Responses. Moni, SD. (ed) Responding to Terrorism in South Asia, Monohar, New Delhi, 2006. [34] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [35] The Daily Star, 18 June 2008. [36] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [37] Hussain, Sakhawat M. Capacity Building of Law Enforcement and Intelligence Agencies. Farooq Sobhan, ed, Counter Terrorism in Bangladesh. University Press Limited, Dhaka, 2008, p. 70. [38] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165. [39] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168. [40] Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168.

Parents in child’s life Essay

Parents are an integral part of any child’s life. They are his safe haven, his stepping stones and his personal cheerleaders. They are the people who create a person in the first place hence he/she owes their existence to them (Laura, 11). They give a child his name, his characteristics and his personality. They also give him both his negative and positive traits. So, in my opinion it is a foregone conclusion that parents’ identities do affect their children and in a key way. Some children may be affected more than the others but that everyone is affected by his mother and father’s identity to some extent (however small) is indisputable. I will try to explain in my essay how the children are affected and also why they are influenced the way they are. The first important way in which a parent’s identity determines their kid’s identity is their lineage. Kids in almost every part of the world are recognized by their parents’ pedigree or roots. Even we as teenagers automatically classify our friends as African-Americans, Caucasian, Asian, Jewish and Muslim etc. Whether we like it not, whether it is identity and religious stereotyping or not, the fact remains that we are recognized by both our parent’s history and their religion. In the contemporary world, with all the talk of eradicating borders and walls between people, the fact remains that we still recognize people this way. Why, some may ask. Though no definite answer, it maybe because of the prejudices this world builds into us as kids where the color of a man’s skin or the God he believes in is more important than the quality of his heart. A child’s character is also affected by their parent’s identity (Dr. Haim, 201). We see the proof all around us. If a child’s parents lie, chances are that the child will learn to do so too. If they stress on the importance of honesty, the child may grow up to possess an honest nature. This is because even before a child comes into contact with his friends, his parents remain the sole and most complete influence in his life at least until he is five or six. It is the parents who define the ‘innate’ characteristics of a child. Other than identity and character, a child’s education and career is also affected by his parent’s identities. Most of the times, it has been seen that kids are only serious about their studies when they are pressurized to do well at home and enthusiastic interest is taken in their child’s studies by both parents. This point that I am enumerating now may seem to apply more to the Eastern world then the Western one where independence and choice are quite important. But in many Asian countries, kids are often encouraged to take after their father or pursue careers that most of their relatives make a living off. Example a doctor may want his son to take after him and an engineer may want his kids to take an interest in physics and math. So, in a way, even a kid’s livelihood is affected by their parent’s professions. The reason to this may be because people often feel safer when their kids are following their line of profession as they believe their kids will receive the necessary support from them. In short, it is fear of the unknown on the part of the parents. Another important area where parent’s identities influence their children is in the child’s perception of himself/herself. An apt example over here can be of India where the caste system is still staunchly followed (Thomas, 109). The lower castes (or Untouchables as they are called) are often ostracized and treated like animals. Many higher caste Hindus consider themselves polluted even if a whiff of their scent touches them. These so-called-Untouchables accept this inhumane treatment without question. Psychologists believe it is because of their low self-image. Therefore, even their kids suffer from low self-esteem. This is a classic case of parents’ perception influencing their child’s opinion of himself. Of course, like every rule in the world, there are exceptions. There may be many instances when a child is not influenced by his parent’s identities and rises above it. An example is of Indian pop icon, Abhijeet Sawant, born into India’s lowest caste, but successful in becoming one of the country’s most famous pop stars. In our country itself, there are numerous examples. The creator of Peanuts, Charles Schultz was born in a very poor family. He did not let his parent’s identity as slum dog poor affect him. Another example is of veteran model Janice Richardson. She was born to an alcoholic mother (which says a lot about low self-perception) but grew up to be a cult icon in the world of modeling. Another very important exception is the orphans or kids from broken homes. I take nothing away from them when I say that some of them never even know their parents so there is no point of their getting influenced by them. They choose life and career paths and have characters that may be completely different form the people who gave birth to them. To conclude, there are always such exceptions but they are far and few in between. Most of the times, a person’s parent’s identity does tend to influence their kids minds in a large way. The reason for this may be that most of us look up to our parents and want to enumerate them. But having said this, seeing the current world phenomenon, parent’s hold on their kids may be more absolute in the Eastern world than the Western. Works Cited A Book Dr. Haim G Ginott. Between Parent and Child. Crown. (Jul 22, 2003). Thomas, G. Parent Effectiveness Training. Three Rivers Press. (Oct 31, 2000) Laura Davis. Becoming the Parent You Want To Be. Broadway. (Feb 3, 1997)

Example Sentences With the Verb Meet

Youre probably familiar with the irregular verb  to  meet from learning about introductions, but might not know the proper form for each tense. This page provides example sentences of the verb to meet in all tenses in English. Test out your new knowledge with the quiz at the end. Examples of Meet for Every Tense Base Form meet / Past Simple met / Past Participle met / Gerund meeting Present Simple We usually meet on Friday afternoons.Where do you usually meet your friends for lunch?They dont usually meet many new people when they travel. Present Continuous We are meeting with a new client this morning.Are they meeting with anyone at the moment?She isnt meeting with the director. Shes meeting with Tom. Present Perfect My friends have met me for lunch every day this week.Have you met Cheryl yet?Jeanne hasnt met Peter yet. Present Perfect Continuous We have been meeting new people for more than two hours.Where have they been meeting each other?She hasnt been meeting with the board for long. Past Simple My wife and met at an English school.When did you meet your best friend?They didnt meet each other until last year. Past Continuous We were meeting with Tom when he interrupted with the news.Were you meeting with clients at three oclock yesterday?She wasnt meeting with anybody when he arrived. Past Perfect Janet had already met Jack when I introduced them.When had they met to discuss the issue?Jeff hadnt met her before they attended the conference last week. Past Perfect Continuous We had been meeting for two hours when he finally arrived.How long had you been meeting when she called?They hadnt been meeting for long when he interrupted the meeting. Future (Will) She will meet Jack at the airport next week.When will we meet your new boyfriend?She wont meet me for lunch tomorrow. Future (Going to) Nancy is going to meet Fred in Pairs next week.When are you going to meet my friend Alice?She isnt going to meet anyone new at that party. Future Continuous We will be meeting the new clients this time tomorrow.Where will he be meeting you for lunch at one oclock?They wont be meeting me at the hotel tomorrow afternoon. Future Perfect Our friends will have met many challenges by the time they finish the project.How many people will you have met over the next few days?They wont have met any of their obligations before the deadline. Note on the Passive Voice Each of the examples sentences demonstrates sentences in the active voice. The active voice is by far the most common voice in English. In the active voice, the subject does something. In contrast, the passive voice demonstrates what was done to the subject. Heres a quick example of the difference: Active voice - Ive met a famous actor before. Passive voice - Cars are manufactured in Detroit. As you can see, the passive voice doesnt focus on who does something. The passive voice focuses on what was done to something. The passive voice is formed by conjugating the verb to be. In sentences with to meet, conjugate the verb to be followed by the appropriate form of to meet. Guests will be met at seven oclock.Peter will be met at the airport by a car service.   Quiz: Conjugate With Meet Use the verb to meet to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. They _____ at the airport by company representatives.Fred _____ with Alyssa  when Peter burst into the room with the news._____ Cheryl  _____ any of your friends yet?We usually _____ on Friday afternoons.We _____ for two hours when he finally arrived.Management usually _____ with new employees on Monday mornings.My wife and _____ at an English school.Our friends _____ many challenges by the time they finish the project.If she _____ me at the airport, she would have given me a ride home.Nancy _____ Fred in Pairs next week. Quiz Answers were metwas meetingHas Cheryl metmeethad been meetingmeetsmewill have methad metis going to meet